RSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Symposium on Emotion FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION: New Findings, New Questions

7/it' evidence on universals in facial expression of emotion, renewed conrr(>versy about that evidence, and new findings on cultural differences are reviewed. New findings on the capability for voluntatily made facial expressions to generate changes in both autonomic and centra! tiervous svstent acfivitv arc discussed, and possible mechanisms by which this could occur are outlined. Finally, new work which has identified how to distingtiish the smile of enjoyment from other types of smiling is described. This paper focuses on the evidence and issues regarding observable facial expression of emotion (for nonobservable facial activity, see Tassinary & Cacioppo, this issue). I will not describe the major methodological advances which for the first time provide techniques for measuring observable facial behavior objectively (but see my review [Ekman, 1982]). Instead I will focus on two new findings and one set of studies dating back 20 years. 1 will begin with those older studies, of universals in facial expression, because they provide the background for the newer research and also because there is renewed controversy about universals, as well as some new findings and a number of unanswered questions.